Sunscreen: What’s Really in It and How to Choose a Safer Option for Your Family

By Dr Hazel Batten, Integrative GP at Remede Wellness Medicine

As both a health practitioner and a parent of two small children, I’ve become increasingly aware of what we’re putting on our kids’ skin—especially when it comes to sunscreen. During the warmer months in Australia, sunscreen becomes part of our daily routine, as essential as packing hats and water bottles. It’s one of the simplest yet most important habits for protecting our families from sun damage.

Sunscreen is essential for protecting against UV damage, premature aging, and skin cancer. But not all sunscreens are created equal. Understanding the difference between chemical and mineral sunscreens can help you make safer, more informed choices—especially in Australia’s harsh sun.

Chemical vs Mineral (Physical) Sunscreens

Chemical Sunscreens

Chemical sunscreens work by absorbing UV rays and converting them into heat to prevent skin damage. Common active ingredients include oxybenzone, octinoxate, homosalate, octocrylene, and avobenzone.

• They often feel lightweight and blend easily, leaving little or no white residue.
• They usually need to be applied about 20 minutes before sun exposure to be effective.

However, several chemical filters have raised growing safety concerns. Research has shown that some of these compounds can be absorbed through the skin and detected in the bloodstream, urine, and even breast milk, sometimes above levels the U.S. FDA considers safe for systemic exposure [(Matta et al., 2020, JAMA)].

Potential concerns include:

• Endocrine (hormone) disruption:
  • Oxybenzone (benzophenone-3) has been shown in both animal and human studies to interact with oestrogen and androgen pathways, raising questions about its effects on reproductive health and thyroid function [(Krause et al., 2012, Endocrine Reviews)].
• Allergic and photoallergic reactions: Some individuals experience skin irritation or contact dermatitis, particularly from avobenzone and octocrylene [(Schauder & Ippen, 1997, Contact Dermatitis)].
• Environmental harm: Oxybenzone and octinoxate have been linked to coral bleaching and marine toxicity, prompting bans in places like Hawaii and Palau [(Downs et al., 2016, Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology)].

While more research is needed to fully understand long-term health impacts, these findings highlight why caution and informed choice are warranted—especially for children and during pregnancy.

Mineral (Physical) Sunscreens

Mineral sunscreens use zinc oxide to sit on top of the skin and physically reflect UV rays.

• They work immediately after application.
• They’re less likely to irritate sensitive skin, making them a great option for children, eczema-prone skin, or anyone with allergies.
• They’re generally considered reef-safe and more environmentally friendly.

However, they can have some trade-offs:

• The texture is often thicker and creamier, which can make them harder to spread evenly—especially on wiggly kids!
• They may leave a white cast on the skin, particularly noticeable on deeper skin tones.
• Some newer “clear zinc” or tinted formulations have improved this, but a slight residue is still common.

How They Feel & Why It Matters

When recommending or choosing sunscreen, it helps to consider not just what protects best—but what people will actually use consistently.

• Consistency: Mineral sunscreens tend to feel heavier or more “balm-like.” Chemical sunscreens feel lighter and more sheer.
• White Cast: Mineral sunscreens reflect light, which can leave a pale film. This can be a pro for parents—it’s easier to see where you’ve applied it!—but it’s also a reason some people find them less cosmetically appealing.
• Comfort: In hot, humid weather, heavier formulations may feel sticky; lighter chemical options can feel more comfortable for everyday use.

Cost & Practical Considerations

Mineral sunscreens are often a little more expensive than standard chemical formulas. This is mainly due to the cost of zinc oxide and the more complex formulation required to make them blend smoothly. They may sit at a slightly higher price point than regular supermarket brands—but they can be a worthwhile investment for sensitive skin, young children, and our environment.

No matter the brand or price, always look for:

• Active ingredient: Zinc oxide
• Broad spectrum (UVA + UVB)
• SPF 30 or higher (ideally SPF 50 for children or prolonged sun exposure)
• Non-nano, fragrance-free, paraben-free if possible
• Water-resistant if swimming or sweating

Sunscreen in Childcare and School Settings

In Australia, the use of sunscreen is mandatory in most early learning centres, day cares, and after-school programs—a positive step in preventing sun damage from an early age.

However, not all centres use the same products. Many supply their own broad-spectrum chemical sunscreen for group use, which may contain ingredients that some families prefer to avoid.

If you’d rather your child use a specific sunscreen, check with your centre about their policy. Most are happy for parents to provide their own labelled sunscreen for daily use. Packing your preferred product ensures your child is protected with ingredients you trust, and it keeps routines consistent between home and care settings.

A Note for Australian Families

We’re fortunate to have a growing range of mineral and “clear zinc” sunscreens available locally—from budget-friendly to premium options. While I can’t name specific products here, most pharmacies and natural health retailers now stock several reputable zinc-based choices.

When choosing, check the label for “zinc oxide” as the active ingredient, and don’t hesitate to ask your pharmacist or GP for advice if you’re unsure.

In Closing

Sun protection is a daily essential—especially under the Australian sun. Choosing safer sunscreen ingredients, applying them generously, and combining them with shade, clothing, and mindful outdoor habits helps protect both our families and our environment for the long term.

Disclaimer: This article is for general educational purposes only and is not a substitute for personalised medical advice. Always consult your healthcare professional for guidance specific to your situation.